What determines the effective range of a weapon?

The effective range of a weapon is primarily determined by the caliber and ammunition type used. This is because the caliber directly affects the size of the bullet and its aerodynamics, influencing factors like velocity, trajectory, and terminal ballistics. Moreover, the type of ammunition can impact the energy transfer upon impact, as certain rounds are designed for specific purposes, such as armor-piercing or hollow-point ammunition, thereby extending or limiting the effective range.

In contrast, while the type of target engaged can influence how a gunner selects their ammunition or strategy, it does not fundamentally alter the weapon's effective range. Similarly, the experience of the gunner can affect accuracy and decision-making in combat scenarios, but it lacks a direct impact on the physical limits imposed by the weapon design and ammunition characteristics. Lastly, the color of the paint on the weapon is purely cosmetic and has no bearing on the weapon's performance or range.